APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS
APOPTOSIS
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Apoptosis assays are available in a variety of formats. Below are list of commercial sources organized by assay type. (mouse-over item for details) The caspases consist of a group of aspartic acid-specific cysteine proteases which are activated during apoptosis. These unique proteases, which are synthesized as zymogens, are involved in the initiation and execution of apoptosis once activated by proteolytic cleavage. Mammalian caspases may be grouped by function: cytokine activation includes caspases 1, 4, 5, 13; apoptosis initiation includes caspases 2, 8, 9, 10; and apoptosis execution utilizes caspases 3, 6, 7. Caspase assays are based on the measurement of zymogen processing to an active enzyme and proteolytic activity. A number of commercial kits and reagents are available to assess apoptosis based on caspase function. PhiPhiLux® (OncoImmunin, Inc.) Caspase 3 Activity Assay (Roche Applied Science) Homogeneous Caspases Assay (Roche Applied Science) Apo-ONE® Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Assay (Promega CaspACE™ Assay System, Colorimetric (Promega) CaspACE™ Assay System, Fluorometric (Promega) EnzChek® Caspase-3 Assay Kit #1 (Invitrogen) Image-iT™ LIVE Green Caspase-3 and -7 Detection Kit (Invitrogen) Active Caspase-3 Detection Kits (Stratagene) Caspase-mediated Apoptosis Products (BioVision) CasPASETM Apoptosis Assay Kit (Genotech)
During the execution phase of apoptosis, nucleases are activated which cleave DNA into 180-200 b.p. increments. Several assays are available to measure ths phenotype. Apoptotic DNA Ladder Kit (Roche Applied Science) Cellular DNA Fragmentation ELISA (Roche Applied Science) Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS (Roche Applied Science) In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (Roche Applied Science) DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System (Promega) DeadEnd™ Colorimetric TUNEL System (Promega) APO-BrdU™ TUNEL Assay Kit (Invitrogen) TUNEL Apoptosis Detection Kit (Upstate) Apoptosis Mebstain Kit (Beckman Coulter) Nuclear-mediated Apoptosis Kits (BioVision) Apoptotic DNA Ladder Kit (Genotech)
APOPercentage™ Assay (Biocolor Assays)
Annexin V is a higly conserved 35 kDa protein that forms the voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels in phospholipid bilayers. This calcium-dependent protein binds to phosphatidylserine which is normally situated on the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane. During apoptosis, phosphatidylserine is translocated to the outer surface, thus enabling it to be detected indirectly by annexin V staining. This process has been exploited for the development of a variety of apoptosis assays. Annexin V, Alexa Fluor® 350 conjugate (Invitrogen) Rhodamine 110, bis-(L-aspartic acid amide), trifluoroacetic acid salt (Invitrogen) Annexin V, Alexa Fluor® 488 (Cambrex) Annexin V Apoptosis Kits (BioVision)
Apoptotic cells (APO2.7) (Beckman Coulter) Cell Proliferation and Senescence Assays (BioVision)
Anti-Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) (Roche Applied Science) M30 CytoDEATH (Roche Applied Science)
ApoGlow® Rapid Apoptosis Screening Kit (Cambrex) |
